Thermodynamics: Entropy and Energy

Thermodynamics: Entropy and Energy

Ideal Gas Law

PV=nRTorPV=Nk

B

T

Physical Meaning: Describes the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.

Applications: Tire inflation, atmospheric pressure calculations.

First Law of Thermodynamics

ΔU=Q−W

Physical Meaning: Energy conservation in thermodynamic systems, distinguishing heat transfer and work.

Applications: Analyzing internal combustion engine efficiency, refrigeration systems.

IV. Quantum Physics: Rules of the Microscopic World

de Broglie Wavelength

λ=

p

h

Physical Meaning: All matter exhibits wave-like properties, fundamental to electron microscopy and quantum tunneling.

Applications: Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), semiconductor quantum dots.

Time-Independent Schrödinger Equation

−

2m

ℏ

2

∇

2

ψ+Vψ=Eψ

**Physical Meaning**: The core equation of quantum mechanics, describing particle states and energies.

**Applications**: Atomic spectroscopy, quantum computing algorithms.